Tarihin roulette
Tarihin roulette ya ratsa ta wani gwajin kimiyyar motsi da ya gaza, wani ɗakin caca a Paris, wasu ʼyan'uwa biyu a wani garin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na Jamus, da gidan cacar da ya mai da rami ɗaya mai launin kore ma'aunin Turai.
Kafin dabaran
- 1654
Pascal da Fermat: matsalar maki (problem of points); ƙimar da ake tsammani.
Ƙimar da ake tsammani a roulette - 1655Dabaran da babu manufa
Blaise Pascal, yana neman na'urar motsi na har abada, ya gina dabaran mai juyawa da aka daidaita sosai. Na'urar ta gaza; dabaran ya rage a matsayin na'ura mai kusan babu gogayya, wadda da alama tana ba da sakamako na kwatsam.
Blaise Pascal: tatsuniyar dabaran roulette - 1657
Huygens ya wallafa littafin farko kan abin da ake tsammani (expectation).
- 1713
Jakob Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi: dokar manyan lambobi (law of large numbers).
Kusantowa a dogon zango: dokar manyan lambobi a roulette - shekarun 1740Roly-poly da E.O.
Gidajen caca na Ingila suna juya dabaran masu ramukan cika da mara. Ana hana wasannin akai-akai, abin da ya tura nau'o'insu zuwa babban yankin Turai.
Wa ya ƙirƙiri roulette? Asalin roulette - 1754
d’Alembert ya wallafa kuskuren tunanin da daga baya aka sanya wa wani tsarin caca sunansa.
Dabarar D'Alembert a roulette - 1758
New France (Quebec) ta haramta ɗan lido, hoca, faro da “roulette”: ɗaya daga cikin bayanan farko na sunan a matsayin wasan caca.
- shekarun 1760
Kalmar “Martingale” ta shiga ƙamus-ƙamus na Faransanci a matsayin kalmar ʼyan caca.
Dabarar Martingale a roulette
Wasan
- 1796Paris, Palais-Royal
Littafin labari na Jaques Lablée mai suna La Roulette ya bayyana dabaran mai ramukan gidan caca biyu, 0 da 00, a wani gidan caca a Palais-Royal. Wannan shi ne cikakken bayani mafi daɗewa na wasan zamani.
Roulette a cikin adabi - shekarun 1800
Dabarun Amurka sun ƙara ramin gaggafa: lambobi uku na gidan caca.
Dabaran da dokokin roulette na Amurka - 1837
Faransa ta haramta gidajen caca; wasa ya koma garuruwan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na Jamus.
- 1841
ʼYan uwan Blanc sun karɓi lasisin gudanar da gidan caca na Bad Homburg.
François Blanc - 1843Bad Homburg
François da Louis Blanc sun buɗe gidan caca a garin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na Jamus kuma suka cire sifili biyu. Dabaran mai sifili ɗaya yana rage fifikon gidan caca da rabi kuma yana jawo ʼyan wasa daga wuraren shaƙatawa masu hamayya.
Bad Homburg da gidajen caca na garuruwan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa - 1863Monte Carlo
Da aka haramta caca a faɗin Jamus, Blanc ya karɓi ragamar gidan cacar da ke fama a Monaco. Monte Carlo ya zama abin koyi ga roulette na Turai; sifili ɗaya ne ma'auninsa.
Roulette na Monte Carlo - 1866
Dostoevsky, The Gambler.
Roulettenburg na Dostoevsky - 1868
Layin dogo daga Nice zuwa Monte Carlo.
Casino de Monte-Carlo - 1869
Monaco ta soke harajin kuɗin shiga.
- 1872
Prussia ta rufe gidajen caca na Jamus.
ʼYan wasa da gwaje-gwaje
- shekarun 1870
Labouchère ya yaɗa tsarin sokewa (cancellation) a London.
Dabarar Labouchère a roulette - kimanin 1880Dabaran Jagger
Joseph Jagger, ɗan kasuwar masaƙa daga Yorkshire, ya sa aka rubuta sakamakon dabaran Monte Carlo kuma ya yi caca a kan lambobin da ke fitowa fiye da yadda ya kamata. Ya ci dukiya mai yawa; gidan cacar ya sauya wurin dabaran, sannan ya maye gurbinsu.
Joseph Jagger: dabarar roulette a Monte Carlo - 1891Mutumin da ya karya bankin gidan caca
Charles Wells ya ƙarar da tsabobin cacar wani teburi sau da dama cikin ʼyan kwanaki, abin da ya haifar da waƙar gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Bincike bai gano wani tsari ba, sai sa'a kawai, daga baya kuma zamba a wani wuri.
Mutumin da ya karya bankin gidan caca - 1900
Pearson ya wallafa gwajin chi-square da bayanan juye-juyen Monte Carlo.
Gwajin chi-square - 1907
Faransa ta sake halatta gidajen caca a garuruwan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da na bakin teku.
- 1913
Baƙi 26 a jere a Monte Carlo.
Kuskuren ɗan caca - 1931
Nevada ta halatta caca a gidajen caca.
Dabaran roulette na Las Vegas - shekarun 1940
Ulam da von Neumann sun sanya wa wata hanyar lissafi suna “Monte Carlo method”.
- 1953
Fleming, Casino Royale: Bond ya sa caca a kan dozin biyu a roulette.
Dabarar James Bond a roulette - 1961
Thorp da Shannon sun gina kwamfutar roulette ta farko da ake sawa a jiki.
Kwamfutocin roulette - 1965
Dubins da Savage sun tabbatar cewa wasa da ƙarfin hali (bold play) shi ne mafi kyau a wasannin da ba su da adalci ga ɗan wasa.
- 1969
Binciken Thorp ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa babu tsarin caca da ke doke wasan da ƙimar da ake tsammani take ƙasa da sifili.
Tatsuniya: dabarar roulette da kullum take cin nasara - 1977–81
Ɓoyayyun kwamfutocin Eudaemons a Nevada: ƙarƙashin hannu a 1978, cikin takalmi a 1981.
Ƙungiyar Eudaemons - 1985
Nevada ta mai da amfani da na'urorin hasashe laifi. Bass ya wallafa The Eudaemonic Pie.
Zamba a roulette
Wasan zamani
- ƙarni na 20Daga garuruwan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa zuwa allon fuska
Roulette ya isa Las Vegas tare da dawo da sifili biyu, sannan zuwa teburan RNG na intanet a shekarun 1990 da dabaran situdiyo da ake watsawa kai tsaye a shekarun 2000.
Roulette na Turai da roulette na Amurka - shekarun 1990
Iyalin García-Pelayo sun ci moriyar dabarun da suka karkata kusa da Madrid; an hana su shiga; kotuna sun soke haramcin (2004).
Gonzalo García-Pelayo: tsarin caca na roulette - 1996
Gidajen caca na farko a intanet masu roulette na RNG.
Roulette kai tsaye da roulette na RNG - 2003–06
Ana watsa roulette na croupier kai tsaye daga ɗakunan watsa shirye-shirye; Riga da Malta sun zama cibiyoyi.
Yadda roulette kai tsaye ke aiki - 2004
Ƙungiyar Ritz ta ci £1.3m ta hanyar hasashen ƙwallo; ba a taɓa samun laser ɗin da aka ruwaito ba; ba a tuhume su ba.
Wasan neman fifiko a roulette - 2005
Dokar Caca ta Birtaniya (UK Gambling Act): cikakken tsarin lasisi na caca ta nesa.
Roulette a Birtaniya - 2012
Small da Tse sun wallafa physics na hasashen roulette.
Kimiyyar motsin dabaran roulette - 2013
New Jersey ta ƙaddamar da gidajen caca na intanet da ake sa ido a kansu.
Roulette a Amurka - 2016
Roulette mai sifili uku a titin Las Vegas Strip.
Roulette mai sifili uku - 2018
An soke haramcin tarayyar Amurka kan cacar wasanni; jihohi suna yin dokokinsu.
- 2021
Jamus da Netherlands sun ba da lasisin wasannin gidan caca na intanet.
Roulette a Turai - 2026
Wannan shafin: kowace rana da ke sama, tare da lissafin.
Layi ɗaya da ke da muhimmanci
A cikin ƙarni biyu da rabi, yiwuwar cin roulette ta canja sau ɗaya don amfanin ɗan wasa (1843, an cire sifili ɗaya) da sau biyu a kansa (gaggafa a shekarun 1800, sifili uku a 2016). Duk sauran abubuwa, tsare-tsaren, kwamfutoci, ɗakunan watsa shirye-shirye, fitilu, sun bar lissafin a inda Lablée ya same shi: 36/n − 1 a kan dabaran da ke da rami ɗaya fiye da haka.
Tambayoyi
Ta Pascal. Gwaje-gwajensa da dabaran gaskiya ne; alaƙarsu da roulette kuwa labari ne na gargajiya.
A cikin ƙarni na 19; jerin Turai da ake amfani da shi yau ya riga ya zama na yau da kullum a zamanin Monte Carlo.
Wataƙila ranar wata doka ce. Dabaran ya kammalu.
Ɗan barkwanci
Ƙarni biyu da rabi, ingantawa ɗaya, koma-baya biyu, labarai masu yawa.
Majiyoyi
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.